Never Again Never Again Urban Dictionary

Phrase associated with the Holocaust and other genocides

"Never again" is a phrase or slogan which is associated with the Holocaust and other genocides. The phrase may originate from a 1927 poem by Yitzhak Lamdan which stated "Never again shall Masada fall!" In the context of genocide, the slogan was used by liberated prisoners at Buchenwald concentration camp to express anti-fascist sentiment. The exact meaning of the phrase is debated, including whether it should be used as a particularistic control to avoid a second Holocaust of Jews or whether it is a universalist injunction to forbid all forms of genocide. It was adopted as a slogan past Meir Kahane's Jewish Defense League.

The phrase is widely used by politicians and writers and information technology besides appears on many Holocaust memorials. It has also been appropriated as a political slogan for other causes, from commemoration of the 1976 Argentine insurrection, the promotion of gun command or ballgame rights, and every bit an injunction to fight against terrorism after the September 11 attacks.

Origins [edit]

During the liberation of Buchenwald, a sign states "Form the Antinazifront! Remember the Millions of victims Murdered by the Nazis / Expiry TO THE NAZI CRIMINALS"^[1]

The slogan "Never again shall Masada autumn!" is derived from a 1927 epic poem, Masada, by Yitzhak Lamdan.^{[two] [three]} The verse form is nigh the siege of Masada, in which a group of Jewish rebels (the Sicarii) held out against Roman armies and, according to fable, committed mass suicide rather than be captured. In Zionism, the story of Masada became a national myth and was lauded as an example of Jewish heroism. Considered 1 of the most significant examples of early Yishuv literature, Masada accomplished massive popularity amongst Zionists in the land of Israel and in the Jewish diaspora. Masada became a office of the official Hebrew curriculum and the slogan became an unofficial national motto.^[four] In postwar State of israel, the behavior of Jews during the Holocaust was unfavorably assorted with the beliefs of the defenders of Masada:^{[ii] [3]} the erstwhile were denigrated for having gone "like sheep to the slaughter" while the latter were praised for their heroic and resolute fight.^[5]

Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its allies murdered about 6 1000000 Jews in a genocide which became known as the Holocaust.^[half-dozen] The Nazi attempt to implement their terminal solution to the Jewish question took place during Globe State of war Ii in Europe. The beginning use of the phrase "never once again" in the context of the Holocaust was in Apr 1945 when newly liberated survivors at Buchenwald concentration camp displayed it in diverse languages on handmade signs.^{[7] [eight]} Cultural studies scholars Diana I. Popescu and Tanja Schult write that there was initially a distinction between political prisoners, who invoked "never again" as part of their fight against fascism, and Jewish survivors, whose imperative was to "never forget" their murdered relatives and destroyed communities. They write that the distinction has been blurred in the subsequent decades equally the Holocaust was universalised.^[eight] According to the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in 1948 considering "the international community vowed never again to permit" the atrocities of World War II, and the Genocide Convention was adopted the same twelvemonth.^{[9] [x]} Eric Sundquist notes that "the founding of State of israel was predicated on the injunction to recall a history of devastation—the destruction of 2 Temples, exile and pogroms, and the Holocaust—and to ensure that such events will never happen once again".^[2] The slogan "never again" was used on Israeli kibbutzim by the end of the 1940s, and was used in the Swedish documentary Mein Kampf [de] in 1961.^[11]

Definition [edit]

Never Again! A Program for Survival (1972)

According to Hans Kellner, "Unpacking the semantic contents of 'Never Again' would exist an enormous task. Suffice it to say that this phrase, despite its non-imperative form every bit a speech communication act, orders someone to resolve that something shall non happen for a second time. The someone, in the outset instance, is a Jew; the something is ordinarily chosen the Holocaust."^[12] Kellner suggests that it is related to the "biblical imperative of memory" (zakhor), in Deuteronomy v:fifteen, "And remember that thousand wast a servant in the land of Arab republic of egypt, and that the Lord thy God brought thee out thence through a mighty hand and by a stretched out arm." (In the bible, this refers to remembering and keeping Shabbat).^[12] It is also closely related to the biblical command in Exodus 23:ix: "You shall not oppress a stranger, for you know the feelings of the stranger, having yourselves been strangers in the land of Egypt."^[thirteen]

The initial pregnant of the phrase, used by Abba Kovner and other Holocaust survivors, was particular to the Jewish community but the phrase'southward meaning was later broadened to other genocides.^[thirteen] It is still a matter of debate whether "Never again" refers primarily to Jews ("Never once again can we allow Jews to be victims of another Holocaust") or whether it has a universal meaning ("Never again shall the globe allow genocide to take place anywhere against any group"). Still, almost politicians use it in the latter sense.^[seven] The phrase is used usually in postwar German politics, but it has different meanings. Co-ordinate to one interpretation, because Nazism was a synthesis of preexisting aspects of German political thought and an farthermost form of ethnic nationalism, all forms of German nationalism should be rejected. Other politicians argue that the Nazis "misused" appeals to patriotism and that a new German language identity should be congenital.^[fourteen]

Writing about the phrase, Ellen Posman noted that "A past though often contempo humiliation, and an emphasis on onetime victimhood, tin pb to a communal desire for a show of strength that can hands turn violent."^[15] Meir Kahane, a far-right rabbi, and his Jewish Defense force League popularized the phrase. To Kahane and his followers, "Never again" referred specifically to the Jews and its imperative to fight antisemitism was a telephone call to arms that justified terrorism against perceived enemies.^{[11] [three] [16]} The Jewish Defense League vocal included the passage "To our slaughtered brethren and lonely widows: / Never again will our people's blood exist shed by water, / Never once again will such things exist heard in Judea." After Kahane'south death in 1990, Sholom Comay, president of the American Jewish Commission, said "Despite our considerable differences, Meir Kahane must ever be remembered for the slogan 'Never Once again,' which for so many became the battle cry of post-Holocaust Jewry."^[11]

Contemporary usage [edit]

According to Aaron Dorfman, "Since the Holocaust, the Jewish community's attitude toward preventing genocide has been summed up in the moral philosophy of 'Never Again.'"^[xiii] What this meant was that the Jews would not allow themselves to be victimized.^[17] The phrase has been used in many official commemorations and appears on many Holocaust memorials and museums,^{[8] [ii]} including memorials at Treblinka extermination camp^[2] and Dachau concentration campsite,^[eighteen] as well as in commemoration of the Rwanda genocide.^[nineteen]

It is in broad utilize past Holocaust survivors, politicians, writers, and other commentators, who invoke information technology for a multifariousness of purposes.^{[7] [xix]} In 2012, Elie Wiesel wrote: "'Never over again' becomes more than than a slogan: Information technology's a prayer, a promise, a vow... never again the glorification of base, ugly, night violence." The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum fabricated the phrase, in its universal sense, the theme of its 2013 Days of Remembrance, urging people to look out for the "warning signs" of genocide.^[11]

In 2016, Samuel Totten suggested that the "once powerful admonition [has] become a cliché" considering it is repeatedly used even as genocides continue to occur, and condemnation of genocide tends to simply occur subsequently it is already over.^[vii] For an increasing number of critics, the phrase has go empty and overused.^[8] Others, including Adama Dieng, have noted that genocide has continued to occur, not never again only "time and again" or "again and again" subsequently World War Ii.^{[ix] [xx] [21] [19] [vii] [17]} In 2020, several critics of the Chinese government used the phrase to refer to the perceived lack of international reaction to the Uyghur genocide.^{[22] [23] [24] [25]} On i March 2022, subsequently the Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Middle was hit past Russian missiles and shells during the boxing of Kyiv, Ukraine'south President Volodymyr Zelenskyy argued that "never once again" means non being silent about Russia'south aggression, lest history repeat itself.^[26]

Multiple U.s.a. presidents, including Jimmy Carter in 1979, Ronald Reagan in 1984, George H. W. Bush-league in 1991, Bill Clinton in 1993, and Barack Obama in 2011, have promised that the Holocaust would not happen again, and that action would be forthcoming to stop genocide.^{[nineteen] [9] [eleven]} However, genocide occurred during their presidencies: Cambodia in Carter's case, Anfal genocide during Reagan's presidency, Bosnia for Bush and Clinton, Rwanda under Clinton, and Yazidi genocide for Obama.^{[27] [nine]} Elie Wiesel wrote that if "never again" were upheld "in that location would exist no Kingdom of cambodia, and no Rwanda and no Darfur and no Bosnia."^[28] Totten argued that the phrase would only recover its gravitas if "no one but those who are truly serious about preventing another Holocaust" invoked it.^[seven]

Other uses [edit]

In Argentina, the phrase Nunca más (never more than) is used in almanac commemorations of the 1976 Argentine coup, to emphasize continued opposition to war machine coups, dictatorship, and political violence, and a delivery to democracy and human rights.^{[29] [30]} "Never again" has also been used in commemoration of Japanese American internment and the Chinese Exclusion Deed.^[11]

Afterward the September 11 attacks, President George W. Bush declared that terrorism would exist allowed to triumph "never again". He referenced the phrase when defending the trial of non-citizens in military courts for terrorism-related offenses and mass surveillance policies adopted by his administration. Bush commented, "Foreign terrorists and agents must never again exist allowed to employ our freedoms against us." His words echoed a speech that his father had given afterward winning the Gulf State of war: "never over again be held hostage to the darker side of homo nature".^[31]

The phrase has been used past political advocacy groups Never Again Action, which opposes immigration detention in the U.s.a., and by Never Over again MSD, a group that campaigns against gun violence in the wake of the Stoneman Douglas shooting.^{[11] [32]}

See besides [edit]

• Responsibility to protect
• The war to end war
• Never forget
• Lest nosotros forget

References [edit]

1. ^ "A sign posted [probably in Buchenwald] that says, "Form the Antinazifront! Remember the Millions of victims Murdered by the Nazis/ Decease TO THE NAZI CRIMINALS." - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". collections.ushmm.org. Archived from the original on iv June 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Sundquist, Eric J. (2009). Strangers in the State: Blacks, Jews, Post-Holocaust America. Harvard University Press. p. 601. ISBN978-0-674-04414-2. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Philologos (half dozen May 2020). "What Is the Source of the Phrase "Never Again"?". Mosaic Magazine. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved six May 2020.
4. ^ Zerubavel, Yael (1995). Recovered Roots: Collective Retentiveness and the Making of Israeli National Tradition. University of Chicago Press. pp. 69, 116, 258. ISBN978-0-226-98157-4. Archived from the original on nine July 2021. Retrieved ten May 2020.
5. ^ Feldman, Yael S. (2013). ""Non as Sheep Led to Slaughter"? On Trauma, Selective Memory, and the Making of Historical Consciousness". Jewish Social Studies. nineteen (3): 139–169. doi:10.2979/jewisocistud.nineteen.3.139. ISSN 0021-6704. JSTOR x.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.139. S2CID 162015828.
6. ^ "Introduction to the Holocaust". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 12 March 2018. Archived from the original on 11 Oct 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
7. ^ ^{a b c d eastward f} Totten, Samuel (2016). "What About "Other" Genocides? An Educator'south Dilemma or an Educator'south Opportunity?". Essentials of Holocaust Didactics: Fundamental Problems and Approaches. Routledge. p. 197. ISBN978-1-317-64808-6. Archived from the original on i February 2022. Retrieved 19 Oct 2020.
8. ^ ^{a b c d} Popescu, Diana I.; Schult, Tanja (2019). "Performative Holocaust commemoration in the 21st century". Holocaust Studies. 26 (two): 135–136. doi:10.1080/17504902.2019.1578452.
9. ^ ^{a b c d} Ability, Samantha (1998). "Never Again: The World's Almost Unfullfilled Promise | The World's Most Wanted Man". Frontline. PBS. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
10. ^ "Universal Proclamation". United Nations. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
11. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} "How the Holocaust motto Never Once again became a rallying weep for gun control". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 8 March 2018. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
12. ^ ^{a b} Kellner, Hans (1994). ""Never Again" is At present". History and Theory. 33 (2): 127–128. doi:ten.2307/2505381. ISSN 0018-2656. JSTOR 2505381.
13. ^ ^{a b c} Dorfman, Aaron. "Responding to Genocide". My Jewish Learning. Archived from the original on twenty August 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
14. ^ Art, David (2005). The Politics of the Nazi Past in Germany and Austria. Cambridge University Press. p. xx. ISBN978-1-139-44883-iii. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
15. ^ Posman, Ellen (2011). "Introduction: Never Once again". In White potato, Andrew R. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-i-4443-9573-0. Archived from the original on one February 2022. Retrieved xix October 2020.
16. ^ School, Lee C. Bollinger Dean University of Michigan Constabulary (1986). The Tolerant Club. Oxford Academy Printing, United states of america. p. 274. ISBN978-0-xix-802104-9. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
17. ^ ^{a b} Gubkin, Liora (2007). You Shall Tell Your Children: Holocaust Memory in American Passover Ritual. Rutgers Academy Press. p. 117. ISBN978-0-8135-4390-1. Archived from the original on ix July 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
18. ^ Baer, Alejandro; Sznaider, Natan (2016). Memory and Forgetting in the Post-Holocaust Era: The Ethics of Never Again. Routledge. ISBN978-1-317-03375-ii. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved vii May 2020.
19. ^ ^{a b c d} Buettner, Angi (2016). "Never again: Rwanda, genocide, and the Holocaust". Holocaust Images and Picturing Ending: The Cultural Politics of Seeing. Routledge. p. 85. ISBN978-1-351-93052-9. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved nineteen October 2020.
20. ^ "Genocide: "Never over again" has become "time and again"". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 18 September 2018. Archived from the original on four June 2020. Retrieved six May 2020.
21. ^ McCallum, Luke (six Apr 2019). "Publications". International Association of Genocide Scholars. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020. The twentieth century has been called "The Historic period of Genocide." In the backwash of the Holocaust, the slogan "never again" was coined; nevertheless since 1945 we have seen the mass slaughter of Bengalis, Cambodians, Rwandans, Bosnians, Kosovars, and Darfuris, to name but a few.
22. ^ Ibrahim, Azeem (3 December 2019). "Mainland china Must Respond for Cultural Genocide in Court". Strange Policy. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
23. ^ Dolkun, Isa (fourteen September 2020). "Europe said 'never again.' Why is it silent on Uighur genocide?". Politico. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
24. ^ Sartor, Nina (3 December 2020). ""Never Once more" all over once again". The Silhouette. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
25. ^ Kaye, Jonah (23 August 2020). "Uyghur Camps And The Meaning Of 'Never Again'". The Detroit Jewish News. Archived from the original on vii March 2021. Retrieved iii Feb 2021.
26. ^ Harkov, Lahav (1 March 2022). "Russian federation strikes Babyn Yar Holocaust memorial site in Ukraine". The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 1 March 2022.
27. ^ Fishel, Justin (17 March 2016). "ISIS Has Committed Genocide, Obama Administration Declares". ABC News. Archived from the original on 10 January 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
28. ^ Rieff, David (1 February 2011). "The Persistence of Genocide". Hoover Institution. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved vi May 2020.
29. ^ Fernández Meijide, Graciela (24 March 2020). ""Nunca más", un compromiso vigente". Infobae (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved half-dozen May 2020.
30. ^ "Día de la Memoria en Argentina: el necesario recuerdo de la dictadura". France 24. 24 March 2019. Archived from the original on eighteen December 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
31. ^ Schneider, Rebecca (2006). "Never, Over again". In Hamera, Judith A. (ed.). The SAGE Handbook of Performance Studies. SAGE. p. 25. ISBN978-0-7619-2931-iv. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved xix October 2020.
32. ^ "Jews Protesting Detention Centers: Inside Never Once more Action". Jewish Journal. 17 July 2019. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved vi May 2020.

External links [edit]

jamesstaread.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again

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